Discussion Response

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1. This week, I will go over the criteria set out by Kant for a republican government in Toward Perpetual Peace and what role this form of government plays in his theory of how war might be avoided.In Toward Perpetual Peace, Kant (1795) asserts that a republican government is essential to avoiding war; under a republican constitution, the citizens must consent to declare war, and as they have to weigh the consequences of war, they are less likely to agree to it. Kant explains that citizens, while deciding whether or not to go to war, weigh factors such as "having to fight, having to pay the costs of war from their own resources, having painfully to repair the devastation war leaves behind, and, to fill up the measure of evils, load themselves with a heavy national debt that would embitter peace itself and that can never be liquidated on account of constant wars in the future" (4). Non-republican governments, on the other hand, do not require the consent of their people and the ruler can go to war for various reasons and without justification. Popular sovereignty, therefore, is one of the main criteria set out for a republican government. Nevertheless, Kant emphasizes that just because the government passes a law that citizens may not agree with, it does not give them the right to disobey it (Kelly 2020).Kant also discusses the concept of separation of powers. "Republicanism is the political principle of the separation of the executive power (the administration from the legislative" (5). Separation of powers leads to a system of checks and balances and prevents one government entity or individual from exercising too much power and engaging in aggressive actions that could ultimately lead to war.The concept of universal hospitality and the law of world citizenship is another one of Kant's main points. Kant asserts that foreigners shall be treated well, with hospitality and respect, as the violation of people's rights can be felt across the world and lead to conflict. Furthermore, Kant explains that the world belongs to everyone, and that all humans have the right to be on foreign land as visitors. "Originally, no one had more right than another to a particular part of the earth" (8). 

2.The criteria that Kant sets forth for the Republican government is that the state’s constitution is established according to the freedom of members of the society which is the first requirement.  Secondly, the citizens surrender some individual rights to the dependence on coming legislation.  Finally, according to the law, all citizens are considered equal under the law as citizens of the state.   His view is that the republican constitution is the only kind of government that can lead to perpetual peace.  Though the idea is that agreement of the citizens is required for the state to wage war.  The key idea is that the head of state is considered as one of the citizens versus a complete sovereign that is considered above the citizens.  Kant’s thought on a sovereign leader has earned that position but it is not inherited like a monarch.  The position of the head of state belongs to the people similar to how the elected positions work in a democracy.

Dewey’s thought on reducing the restrictions on an individual’s ability to participate in the governing process through social and economic equality.  Although this may be somewhat different from Kant's the principle of people being more involved in their government is important.`The federalist form of government that is highlighted in the text would be organized in a way that the goal of that state is to secure and maintain its freedom.  Ideally, this form of government leads to the creation of a federation of states known as a pacific federation.  This idea is to allow for the abolishment of peace treaties.  The goal is that the states would have the ability to settle their disputes peacefully.War is avoided not only through the states requiring the backing of the citizens to declare war.  Aggression is avoided through states not using their wealth to wage war through economic means. Nations retain the right to control their borders but provide hospitability to entering peaceful people. At the end of his argument, Kant highlights that this state would require states to act against their interests.

 3. Kant asserts that governments following republican governance, characterized by the rule of law and representative institutions, tend to have a peaceful relationship with other nations. This is due to their sound decision-making, which ultimately results in fewer wars. Kant emphasizes the crucial role of republican governments in establishing international peace. He firmly believes in a political organization that values the role of states in shaping their behavior towards other states. Republican constitutions have three critical concepts embedded in their DNA: checks and balances to prevent absolute power, public accountability where leaders are responsible for their actions, and individual rights promoting freedom, equality, and justice. Power is distributed among citizens while being held to legal constraints to prevent tyranny and encourage citizens to pursue their interests within the confines of the law. When a stat

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