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P‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍lease from these readings that I uploaded write 2 questions (about 1 paragraph, but not more). , please write long questions not short questions it must be more than three sentence like these question(make it very deep questions) ( these examples) please long questions , no too long quotes and the most important mention the page number.

Q 1-On page 60 the author discusses the Matthew effect’s implications on multiple, independent scholars reaching the same conclusions. What is this accumulative effect? How does the author describe this phenomenon advancing scientific under‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍standing? 

Q2-The authors note on page 567 that there is a “generic claim” that it is “difficult (some say impossible) to extract causal inferences from observational data at all.” What are the potential obstacles to causality with observational studies and data? Q3- On page 153, the authors state that the “methods we use to study the general properties of policy change are stochastic process approaches.” What are stochastic process approaches? Why is it appropriate (or not appropriate) to borrow this process approach from the natural and biological sciences to po‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍litical science

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Question 1;On page 465, the author claims that “scholars have noted (and lamented) that congressional parties lack the unity and discipline of stereotypical parliamentary parties” (Lebo, McGlynn & Koger, 2007). What is the cause of this disunity? Does it significantly affect net party outcomes? If yes, expound on why and how it affects them. If no, expound on why it does not affect them.

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