Question
Queer Encounters in the Colonial and Revolutionary Eras
Workshop
Contact and Conflict in Colonial North America Complete the assigned readings
and watch the video lecture and video on Indigenous Californians. Then, explore
the resources listed below. Respond to the following prompts and submit your
answers via Canvas: Based on the video lecture consider: Why is it important to
generally avoid applying modern terms of sexual and gender identity on
individuals in the past or in different cultures? What is the definition of
two-spirit? How were non-binary sexualities and genders perceived by European
colonizers? Brief Answer: Specific Example from Lecture: Specific Example from
Assigned Readings: How did European colonists in North America regulate and
punish sexuality and gender transgressions?Brief Answer: Specific Example from
Lecture: Specific Example from Assigned Readings: Based on the sources below
consider: How did settler-colonialism impact two-spirit individuals? How have
two-spirit people resisted the impacts of settler-colonialism? How did they
endure, survive, and thrive? How do the experiences of Thomas(ine) Hall and the
Public Universal Friend change your perception of gender and sexuality in the
past? Source A Second Journey to California, 1775-1776 Father Pedro Font
Context: Father Pedro Font was a missionary from Spain who arrived in
California to Christianize Native Americans. He served at different missions in
California and was part of an expedition that explored Northern California in
1775-1776. Source: Pedro Font, Complete Diary of the Second Anza Expedition,
trans. and ed. Herbert Eugene Bolton, vol. 4 of With Anza to California (Berkeley:
University of California, 1930-31), p. 105. In Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American
History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Crowell, 1976), pg. 291.) “Among the
women I saw some men dressed like women, with whom they go about regularly,
never joining the men…. I asked who these men were, and they replied that they
were not men like the rest, and for this reason they went around covered this
way. From this I inferred they must be hermaphrodites, but from what I learned
later I understood that they [did not identify as men and were] dedicated to
[wicked] practices. From all the foregoing I conclude that… there will be much
to do when the Holy Faith and the Christian religion are established among
them.” Source B Men Who Dress as Women, 1711-1717 by Joseph Francois
Lafitau Context: Joseph Francois Lafitau was a Jesuit missionary and scientist
from France. He lived in North America for six years from 1711 to 1717, and
spent most of that time in Canada. He based his observation on his experiences
in Canada as well as existing literature on Native Americans and their ways of
life. Source: Joseph Francois Lafitau, Customs of the American Indian Compared
with Customs of Primitive Times, Vol. 1 (Paris: Saugrain, 1724), p. 52. In Jonathan
Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Crowell, 1976), pg.
288-290.) “If there were women with manly courage who prided themselves upon
the profession of warrior, which seems to become men alone, there were also men
cowardly enough to live as women.Among the Illinois, among the Sioux, in
Louisiana, in Florida, and in Yucatan, there are young men who adopt the garb
of women, and keep it all their lives. They believe they are honored by [doing
women’s work]; they never marry, they participate in all religious ceremonies,
and this profession of an extraordinary life causes them to be regarded as
people of a higher order, and above the common man….” Source C Abominable Vice
Will Be Eliminated, 1777 by Francisco Palou Context: Francisco Palou was a missionary
from Spain who came to North America in 1749 and worked to establish the
mission system in California. The mission system intended to convert Native
Americans in California to Christianity. Source: Francisco Palou, “Abominable
Vice Will Be Eliminated,” In Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians
and Gay Men in the U.S.A.
(New York: Crowell, 1976), p. 292.) “…When they were rebuked for such an
enormous crime, the layman answered that the Joya was his wife! They were not
seen again in the Mission or its surroundings after this reprimand. Nor did
these disreputable people appear in the other missions, although many Joyas can
be seen in the area of Canal de Santa Barbara; around there,
almost every village has two or three [Joyas]. But we place our trust in God
and expect that these [cursed] people will disappear with the growth of the
missions. The [extreme evil] will be eliminated to the extent that the Catholic
faith and all the other virtues are firmly implanted there, for the glory of
God and the benefit of those poor ignorants.” Source D Two Spirit
Traditions
https://www.kqed.org/arts/13845330/5-two-spirit-heroes-who-paved-the-way-for-todays-native-lgbtq-community Source
E Public Universal Friend
https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/01/05/long-before-theythem-pronouns-genderless-prophet-drew-hundreds-followers/ Source
F Thoma(sine) Hall
https://wams.nyhistory.org/early-encounters/english-colonies/thomas-ine-hall/ Youtube
videos to watch to answer questions
https://youtu.be/wAhzX2fzEkQ (Links
to an external site.) then watch this video specifically about Indigenous
two-spirit Californians:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZycXQgLDpGA Links
to an external site.
Queer Encounters in the
Colonial and Revolutionary Eras Due Tuesday by 11:59pm Points 20 Submitting a
text entry box, a website url, a media recording, or a file upload (Turnitin
enabled) 1. Watch this video lecture:
https://youtu.be/wAhzX2fzEkQ (Links
to an external site.) then watch this video specifically about Indigenous
two-spirit Californians:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZycXQgLDpGA Links to an external site. Minimize Video 2. Complete this workshop (Links to an external site.)and upload your responses here on Canvas. 3. Read the associated course readings: Routledge History of Queer America: Godbeer, “Colonial North America (1600s-1700s),” 15-26. Cleves, “Revolutionary Sexualities and Early National Genders,” 27-38. To learn more consult these resources: Scholarly Book - Cleeves, Rachel Hope. Charity and Sylvia: A Same-sex Marriage in Early America. Oxford University Press, 2014. Scholarly Article - Foster, Thomas A. “Alexander Hamilton,” from Sex and the Founding Fathers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014, 119-142. Scholarly Article - Gonzalez, Deena J. and Ellie D. Hernandez. “Latina/o Gender and Sexuality,” in LGBTQ America: A Theme Study. Washington, D. C.: National Park Foundation & National Park Service, 2016. Scholarly Article -Miranda, Deborah. “Extermination of the Joyas: Gendercide in Spanish California." GLQ 16, nos. 1/2 (2010): 253-284. Scholarly Article - Roscoe, Will. “Sexual and Gender Diversity in Native America and the Pacific Islands.” LGBTQ America: A Theme Study. Washington, D. C.: National Park Foundation & National Park Service, 2016. Scholarly Article - Estrada, Gabriel. “Two-spirit Histories in Southwestern and Mesoamerican Literatures." Sandra Slater and Fay A. Yarbrough, eds. Gender and Sexuality in Indigenous North America, 1400-1850. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2011, 165-184 Scholarly Article - Sheppard, Mai and J.B. Mayo, Jr. “The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality: Learning from Two Spirit Traditions." The Social Studies Vol. 104, (2013): 259-270. Article - “A Revolutionary War Hero,” Washington Post, April 8, 2019. Article - Erin Blakemore, “The Revolutionary War Hero Who Was Openly Gay.” Article - Two-Spirit People in North America (Links to an external site.) Article - Five Two Spirit People Who Paved the Way (Links to an external site.), KQED (Links to an external site.) Podcast - Public Universal Friend, (Links to an external site.)Throughline Article - A Genderless Prophet (Links to an external site.), Washington Post Article - Bar Chee Ampe and Beyond: Uncovering Two Spirit Identity, (Links to an external site.) New York Historical Society Article - Life Story: Thomasine Hal (Links to an external site.)l, New York Historical Society Video - What Does Two-Spirit Mean What Does "Two-Spirit" Mean? | InQueery | them. (Links to an external site.) What Does "Two-Spirit" Mean? | InQueery | them. (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.)Video - Hetero-patriarchy and Settler Colonialism Video - Hetero-patriarchy and Settler Colonialism | Ried Gustafson | TEDxPortlandStateUniversity (Links to an external site.) Hetero-patriarchy and Settler Colonialism | Ried Gustafson | TEDxPortlandStateUniversity
Expert Solution
It is substantially important to avoid applying modern terms of sexual
and gender identity to persons in the past or in different cultures since such
terms are frequently traditionally specific and rooted in the current
understanding of sexuality and gender. Application of sexual and gender
identity terms into cultural or historical contexts can lead to potential
misinterpretation of the conceptualization or lived experiences in the context
of gender and sexuality (New York Historical Society, n, d). Modern gender and
sexuality terms are culturally constructed and may not specifically mirror the
actual understandings and experiences of people in diverse cultural or
historical contexts. Imposing modern categories onto historical or cultural
figures can lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings of their
identities and experiences. It is therefore vital to approach past experiences
with cultural relativism and an understanding of the ancient context to
circumvent the likelihood of anachronistic interpretations
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