Face inversion effect

1. (28 marks)

We are faster to recognise faces of people we know when they are presented upright than when they are inverted. Cheryl decides to investigate what causes this 'upright advantage'. She knows there are two leading theories, i) that the advantage for upright faces is because of learned expertise (i.e. due to us being so used to seeing upright faces), or ii) that the advantage is because of an innate model of what faces should look like (i.e. typically upright). If it is due to expertise then more experience with inverted faces will likely modulate the effect.

a) Outline two possible outcomes of Cheryl’s experiment, along with what these outcomes would tell us about the role of experience in face recognition (4 marks)

b) What is the dependent variable in this experiment? (2 marks)

c) (i) Identify the factors in this experiment (ii) How many levels does each factor have? (2 marks)

Cheryl performs an ANOVA to examine the main effects and interaction effect in her experiment. The output of the analysis is presented in the tables and figure overleaf. Note that ‘orientation’ indicates whether the face was upright or inverted, and ‘time’ indicates the time at which face recognition was assessed.

c) Report and comment on the homogeneity of within-subject variance values. Is there any cause for concern? Explain your answer (2 marks)

e) Report the main effect of ‘time’, along with its significance. (2 marks)

f) Is the effect of ‘orientation’ significant? What does this effect tell you? (2 marks)

g) Show how the F-statistic for the interaction of ‘time x orientation’ was calculated for sphericity assumed values. Specifically, show your working for how the F-statistic is calculated on the basis of the relevant sums of squares and degrees of freedom. Refer to your formulae sheet if required. (3 marks)

h) Report and comment on the significance of this interaction. What does this tell you? (2 marks)

i) Looking at the plot, what pattern in the data is driving the interaction? (3 marks)

j) Assuming that Cheryl had planned to decompose her effect by investigating the difference between groups at each of the four timepoints, what might be appropriate tests for her to use and why? (3 marks)

k) How might Cheryl improve the design of her experiment (3 marks)

a) Outline two possible outcomes of Cheryl’s experiment, along with what these outcomes would tell us about the role of experience in face recognition (4 marks)

Before training, the 12 participants take a short span of time to recognize the faces of famous people because of the easy recognizability of the orientation of their facial features when in an upright position. After training, when the faces are in same position, the time for recognition decreases. However, when the faces are inverted, the time of recognition increases and when training occurs, the time reduces. Experience plays a huge role in recognition in that the participants are able to easily recognize the faces of the famous people before inversion people due to immediately recognizable spatial facial features.

b) What is the dependent variable in this experiment? (2 marks)

The time of recognition is the dependent variable because it is affected by experience and recognition of the orientation of facial features.

c) (i) Identify the factors in this experiment (ii) How many levels does each factor have? (2 marks)

Time is the first factor which is measured in four levels in the upright position and 4 levels in the inverted position. Orientation of facial feature is the second factor and it does not have any levels to it. The time for recognizability decreases in the upright position whereas in the inverted position the time increases. The orientation of facial features remains the same.Cheryl performs an ANOVA to examine the main effects and interaction effect in her experiment. The output of the analysis is presented in the tables and figure overleaf. Note that ‘orientation’ indicates whether the face was upright or inverted, and ‘time’ indicates the time at which face recognition was assessed.

d) Report and comment on the homogeneity of within-subject variance values. Is there any cause for concern? Explain your answer (2 marks)

The experiment assumes the group observation skills are similar therefore all the participants can be affected by the position of the faces; upright and inverted.

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Face inversion effect

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