Measuring Behavior

I‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍n-text Citations and References in APA format: Make sure to use in-text citations where needed and appropriate and provide a list of references at the end of each essay. Short essay questions Answer all 3 essay questions to earn a grade for this exam. For each essay, write 500 words (500 is the minimum for each essay; no maximum length), double-spaced, in full grammatical sentences (bullet points will not receive credit). Note that quotes are not permitted for any written assignment for this course. Plagiarism in any of the exam essays will lead to a ‘0’ for the entire exam. (Please see pages 13, 14, and 16, in the Syllabus.) In writing your essays, provide answers by describing and applying concepts; do not only provide examples. However, examples may be provided to support your explanation of conceptual information. The essays should be in APA format with citations of your sources and a reference list at the end of each essay. Sources can be your textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles and review articles in peer-reviewed journals, and your notes from course lectures and powerpoint files. Other than peer-reviewed journal articles retrieved online, material from websites are not permitted in written assignments for this course. A hint: do not use human animals as examples; refer only to nonhuman animals. All three essays should be written in the same one Word document. Please make sure to upload your one Word document to Canvas for ‘Exam #1’. Thank you for following these instructions. Dr. Francine Dolins, psy372 answer all three essay questions: 1). sexual selection: Explain how sexual selection fits wi‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍thin evolutionary theory (ie., Evolution by Natural Selection), and what impact the process of sexual selection has on mate choice by females and males. Discuss also what impact sexual selection has on male and female roles in parental investment. Make sure to explain the concept of “expensive eggs, cheap sperm” in your essay, and to include/integrate an explanation of the concepts of “the Abandonability hypothesis” and “the Grandmother hypothesis” in your essay. Make sure to provide detailed definitions of each concept and terms used, and provide citations for these definitions.

2). Altruistic punishment: Using game theory, and in particular paying attention to the role of the ‘cheaters’ (‘non-cooperators’) compared to ‘cooperators’, explain how iterated interactions may lead to altruistic punishment in the social structures of nonhuman animals. Pay attention to how payoff matrices influence the pattern of cheating/cooperating. If it helps, you can integrate into your essay an explanation of Evolutionary Stable Strategies relates to altruistic punishment. Make sure to provide detailed definitions of each concept and terms used, and provide citations for these definitions.

3). kin selection, altruism & reconciliation: Discuss how kin selection and altruism differ. In relation to behaviors that represent kin selection or altruism in the social structure within groups, discuss the relative importance of the role of reconciliation and conciliation. Provide examples from two nonhuman animal species. Make sure to provide detailed definitions of each concept and terms used, and provide‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‌‍ citations for these definitions.

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